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Article History

Received: 24 March 2026

Accepted: 20 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This work was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through awards R01 DK141516, R01 DK124580, and R01 DK137815 (to M.A.V.). Additional support was provided by the National Center for Research Resources (P30 RR032135) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P30 GM103498) of the NIH.

: The University of Vermont Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all experimental protocols involving animal use (IACUC No. X9-020). No clinical trial component. Clinical trial number: not applicable.

: The studies described from the Vizzard laboratory were performed in accordance with institutional and national guidelines and regulations. The University of Vermont Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all experimental protocols involving animal use. Animal care was under the supervision of the University of Vermont’s Office of Animal Care Management in accordance with the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) and National Institutes of Health guidelines. All efforts were made to minimize the potential for animal pain, stress or distress.