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Article History

Received: 18 April 2025

Accepted: 30 July 2025

First Online: 11 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The imaging data employed in this study were sourced from the QIN-Breast dataset available through The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). This dataset is publicly accessible and has been de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations, ensuring the protection of patient privacy. As the data are anonymized and publicly available, the study was exempt from institutional review board (IRB) approval. Nonetheless, we adhered to all relevant guidelines and regulations governing the use of such data.

: In accordance with TCIA’s data usage policies, we have cited the dataset appropriately and have not attempted to re-identify any individual participants.