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Article History

Received: 12 March 2024

Accepted: 25 May 2024

First Online: 8 June 2024

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ospedale San Raffaele (study protocol: GR2016-01).

: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

: Not applicable. All presented data refer to summary statistics obtained combining genetic data from a large group of patients. No individual level data are presented.

: E. Ma., V.N., L.F., M.S., F.C., A.C., S.S., A.G., K.M., M.C., L.Mi. and E.Mo. declare no conflict of interest. L.Mo.: received compensation for speaking activities, and/or consulting services from Merck, Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and TEVA; V.M.: received compensation for speaking and/or for consultancy and support for travel expenses and participation in Congresses from Biogen, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Genzyme and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; M.F.: Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neurology, Associate Editor of Human Brain Mapping, Associate Editor of Radiology, and Associate Editor of Neurological Sciences, received compensation for consulting ser-vices from Alexion, Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, speaking activities from Bayer, Biogen, Celgene, Chiesi Italia SpA, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Janssen, Merck-Serono, Neopharmed Gentili, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda, and TEVA, participation in Advisory Boards for Alexion, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Sanofi-Aventis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda, scientific direction of educational events for Biogen, Merck, Roche, Celgene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lilly, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, he receives research support from Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Italian Ministry of Health, Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, and ARiSLA (Fondazione Italiana di Ricerca per la SLA); F.E.: received consulting and speaking fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme.