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Authors
Hanson, Taena
Spencer, Sophie
Harker, Samantha A.
Barry, Fatoumata
Beauchemin, Jennifer
Braden, B. Blair
Burton, Phoebe
D’sa, Viren
Koinis-Mitchell, Daphne
Mennenga, Sarah E.
Deoni, Sean C. L.
Lewis, Candace R.
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health (U2COD023375; U24OD023382; U24OD023319; 5U2COD023375-06)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R00HD099307)
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Article History
Received: 21 March 2024
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. In 2019, the single institutional review board (Western IRB (WIRB)) approved the ECHO protocol, which was collaboratively developed by all cohort and component principal investigators.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants and/or their guardians.
: This article does not contain any individual-level data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
