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Authors
Usman, Abdulhamid Sani https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0283-1842
Manoharan, Sushmitaa Dhevii https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3973-0368
Che Mohd Nassir, Che Mohd Nasril https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2019-4565
Abdul Hamid, Hafizah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-4694
Hein, Zaw Myo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-074X
Norazit, Anwar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2724-7591
Murthy, Jayakumar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-0708
Zainol, Murizal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-0672
Kamaruzzaman, Mohd Amir https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4163-2234
Chiroma, Samaila Musa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9638-4931
Mustapha, Muzaimi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8404-0506
Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Aris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9282-129X
Mehat, Muhammad Zulfadli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-6458
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Ministry of Higher Education under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme ((FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UPM/02/15))
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 21 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of UPM (reference number: UPM/IACUC/AUP-R051/2022). All procedures were conducted in compliance with guidelines by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of UPM.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
