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Article History

Received: 1 October 2025

Accepted: 19 March 2026

First Online: 16 May 2026

Declarations

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: All participants, including individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and cognitively healthy controls aged 65 years and older, were recruited from Tabriz, Iran. Before enrollment, the study objectives and procedures were thoroughly explained to each participant or their legally authorized representatives, when applicable. Written informed consent was obtained before the collection of whole blood samples. Participants were assured of the confidentiality of their data and informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences. To ensure participant confidentiality, all collected samples were assigned unique anonymous codes upon receipt. The key linking these codes to patient identities was stored separately in a password-protected file, accessible only to the principal investigators for data verification purposes. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Science, with the ethics code: IR.TBZMED.REC.1402.522, and all procedures were conducted following relevant guidelines and regulations.

: This study confirms that in Iranian patients with late-onset AD, peripheral blood ANXA1 is significantly upregulated (fold change = 8.078, p < 0.0001), VCAM1 is significantly downregulated (fold change = 0.55, p = 0.0404), and CCL2 shows no significant change. ANXA1 alone and in combination with VCAM1 have potential as biomarkers for AD diagnosis in this population (AUC = 0.866 and 0.912, respectively), providing a new target for non-invasive AD diagnosis.