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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
MUSC (000-21)
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Article History
Received: 17 September 2024
Accepted: 5 February 2025
First Online: 13 June 2025
Declarations
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: There are no conflicts of interest with the authors or their funding sources in relation to the contents of the manuscript.
: The animal experiments and protocols described in this study were done at facilities of the Medical University of South Carolina’s (MUSC) Ft. Johnson campus (field sampling of Hypanus sabinus spine collection) and the downtown medical campus (toxin analysis and biological assays). These facilities were included in MUSC’s AAALAC international accreditation from the time of their inception as well as MUSC’s assurance to OLAW/NIH. These facilities were inspected and approved by Dr. Michael Swindle, DVM, who was the Institutional Veterinarian for regulatory issues and was a voting member of the MUSC IACUC. At the time these experiments were performed the protocols were approved by the MUSC’s Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) (2000-02) in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals All efforts were made to minimize animal stress and ensure humane treatment in accordance with these accepted standards.
