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Article History

Received: 16 September 2023

Accepted: 13 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study does not involve laboratory experiments with animal subjects. However, human participants were involved in the questionnaire survey. Prior to the survey, we obtained their consent to participate in the interviews.

: The authors obtained prior consent from the heads of households before conducting the survey. The research did not involve the use of personal information or identifiable human subjects, such as photographs or other sensitive data.

: Before conducting the survey, the authors obtained consent from the respondents and clearly explained the research objectives to them. The confidentiality of their information was ensured, as no sensitive or identifiable data (e.g., photographs) were collected.Additionally, once the manuscript was finalized, the corresponding author obtained consent from all co-authors before submitting the article to Energy Efficiency .

: The authors declare no competing interests.