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Authors
Marchant, Paul R https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3146-8349
Norman, Paul D https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6211-1625
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2024
Accepted: 1 June 2025
First Online: 20 June 2025
Change Date: 8 August 2025
Change Type: Update
Change Details: Springer Nature's version of this paper was updated to present the corrected Supplementary materials.
Declarations
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: PM has concerns about light pollution affecting astronomical observations and biodiversity, so has been motivated to examine the claims of benefit for increased public lighting. He has previously published work critical of claims of substantial public safety benefit from increasing lighting.PN has concerns that public money may be being wasted on schemes that have no proof they are achieving what they are supposed to.
: The manuscript has been written paying attention to STROBE guidelines for cohort studies, see , where the MSOAs constitute the inanimate cohort. We affirm that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained.
