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Authors
Lin, Tong
Tian, Guangjin
Xu, Tao
Gao, Yanning
Li, Wanlong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Interdisciplinary Research Foundation for Doctoral Candidates of Beijing Normal University (Grant No. BNUXKJC2323)
Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science (Grant No. OFSLRSS202320)
National Fund of Philosophy and Social Science of China (Grant 17BGL256)
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have participated in the research work described in this manuscript and have reviewed and approved the final version. All authors agree to transfer copyright to Springer Nature in the event that the manuscript is accepted for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
