Funding for this research was provided by:
Đại học Kinh tế Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (Đại học Kinh tế Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)
Article History
Received: 18 February 2025
Revised: 27 September 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Declarations
:
: We used ChatGPT (OpenAI, 2025) for language editing and clarity suggestions only; the authors reviewed and are responsible for all content.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing fnancial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper