Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 November 2025

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Research Review Ethics Committee of the University of Dodoma (Ref. No. MA.84/261/88/17, dated 22nd April 2025), and administrative clearance was obtained from Benjamin Mkapa Hospital. All participants provided written informed consent after being informed on the study’s purpose and procedures. They were assured of their right to decline participation or withdraw at any time without consequences. For participants under 18 years, parental or guardian consent was obtained. Confidentiality and privacy were maintained using coded identifiers, and obtained data were not shared with unauthorized individuals.

: Informed consents were obtained from the study participants and for participants under 18 years of age, parental or guardian consent was obtained. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of the University of Dodoma.