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Article History

Received: 24 July 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 1 October 2025

Declarations

:

: E.T. has received personal fees from Arvelle Therapeutics, Inc.; Argenx; Bial; Biogen; Biocodex; Böhringer Ingelheim; Eisai; Epilog; Everpharma; GlaxoSmithKline; GW Pharma; Jazz Pharmaceuticals; LivaNova PLC; Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Medtronic; NewBridge Pharmaceuticals; Novartis; Sandoz; Sanofi; Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Takeda; UCB Pharma; and Xenon, as well as grants from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Bayer, Biogen, Eisai, European Union, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Österreichische Nationalbank, Red Bull, and UCB Pharma. E.T. is the chief executive officer of NeuroConsult GmbH and has been a trial investigator for Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Marinus, Pfizer, and UCB Pharma; E.T. and all other authors declare no conflicts of interest related to the study. The funders had no role in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; the writing of the manuscript; or the decision to publish the results.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local ethics committee (reference number 415-E/1521/6–2012).

: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.