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Article History

Received: 6 October 2025

Accepted: 28 December 2025

First Online: 3 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Golo Ahlenstiel has received speaker fees from CSL Behring, Gore and Norgine. Avik Majumdar has received speaker fees or served on advisory boards for CSL, Gilead, Norgine, Ipsen, Cook Medical and Eisai. James O’Beirne has been an advisor to Surrozen Pharmaceuticals, CSL, Norgine and Roche; and has received speaker fees from CSL and Norgine. Purnima Bhat has served in unpaid positions as a member of the World Endoscopy Organization Research Committee and Chair of the World Endoscopy Organization African Outreach Committee. Jacob George is on advisory boards and has received honoraria for talks from Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Roche, BMS, Pfizer, Cincera, Pharmaxis and Boehringer Mannheim. Jacinta Holmes is an advisory board member for CSL Behring. Eric Kalo has received a Western Sydney University and the Australian Government Research Training Program award. John Lubel has served as an unpaid advisory board member for CSL; received speaker fees from Norgine and Gilead; been an unpaid speaker at GP dinners sponsored by Norgine and Falk; been an invited mentor at an Australian Gastrointestinal Trials Group preceptorship event, with no personal fees received but flights and accommodation provided; been an advisory consultant and received speaker fees from Ipsen for internal staff education; received partial support from Norgine for a PhD student to travel to an international conference; received sponsorship but no speaker fees from Viatris for a GP educational event; received sponsorship from Ipsen to attend the EASL international meeting in Milan, Italy, in 2024; received a $60,000 grant from Ipsen for primary biliary cholangitis research; and received a speaker fee from Limbic. Tim Mitchell received speaker fees from Eisai in 2023 and Gilead in 2022. John Olynyk was previously a Board member and Treasurer of GESA and Chair of the Research Committee. Christopher Rogan is President of IRSA. Simone Strasser is Director of the Liver Foundation and has served on advisory boards or received speaker fees from Norgine, Roche, AstraZeneca, Ipsen, Eisai, Bayer, Sirtex, BMS, MSD, AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, Astellas, Novartis, Pfizer, CSL Behring, Dr. Falk Pharma and Chiesi. All the other authors declare no conflict of interest.

: The corresponding author, on behalf of all the authors, jointly and severally, certifies that their institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research. This project has been approved by the Western Sydney Local Health District Human Ethics Committee on 27 September 2021 (Identification No. 2021/ETH10976).