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Article History

Received: 14 November 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Declarations

:

: CE: received advisory fees from Novartis and CSL Behring. CE is a shareholder of the UCL Spin-out Company Hepyx. CE is one of the named inventors on the patents surrounding the use of G-TAK in ACLF, which have been filed as a priority application. This patent has been licensed to Hepyx Ltd. TB: Receipt of honoraria or consultation fees or participation in a company sponsored speaker’s bureau: Abbvie, Alexion, Bayer, Gilead, Eisai, Falk Foundation, Intercept, Ipsen, Janssen, MSD/Merck, Novartis, and Sequana Medical. Receipt of grants/research supports: Abbvie, SCR: Scientific founder of Purinomia Biotech Inc and consultant for eGenesis, AbbVie and Cyncado Therapuetics; SCR interests are reviewed and managed by Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center following their conflict-of-interest policies. MS: Receipt of honoraria or consultation fees or participation in a company sponsored speaker’s bureau: Merck Serono GmbH, Bayer AG, ERBE Elektromedizin GmbH, Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca, Avateramedical GmbH, Johnson & Johnson Medical GmbH, Takeda Pharmaceutical Limited, Olympus K.K., Medtronic GmbH, Intuitive Surgical Inc., Corzamedical, Baxter Int Inc. PAR received lecture and/or consulting fees from Pfizer, Gilead, BMS, CSL Behring, CSL Vifor, and Advanz Pharma. All other authors declared no conflict of interest.

: The study was approved by the ethics committee and by the respective governmental competent authority (BfArM). The study protocol complies with the ethics guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki as well as all pertinent national laws and the ICH guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) (June 1996) and CPMP/ICH/135/95 (September 1997). All patients provided written informed consent. ClinicalTrails.gov number—NCT02669680.