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Article History

Received: 31 October 2025

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 10 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Javier Puente reports consulting fees from Pfizer and Roche; payment or honoraria from AstraZeneca, Gilead, Eisai, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, BMS, and Merck; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board at AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, BMS, and Merck; and support or travel from Merck, MSD, AstraZeneca, and Janssen. Alfredo Rodríguez Antolín reports the following: consultant or advisory role: Astellas, Ipsen Pharma; PI in clinical trials: Janssen, Bayer, Astellas, AstraZeneca; speaking: AstraZeneca, Bayer, Janssen, MSD, Astellas; other: travel support from Ipsen, Janssen. Maria J. Ribal reports the following: clinical trials participation: Bayer, Janssen, Unicancer, Astellas, Seagen, Urogenpharma, Fidia, DMIA; speaker honoraria 2 last years: Bayer, Johnson and Johnson. Jose Garcia-Sanchez reports speaker honorarium from Roche, Pfizer, Lilly, Astellas, BMS; advisory honorarium from Regeneron, Pfizer; travel grants from Roche, MSD, BMS, AstraZeneca. Joan Folqué is an employee of Bayer Hispania S.L. Javier Casas-Nebra reports speaker honorarium from Janssen, Astellas, Bayer. Rubén Campanario, David Marmolejo, Juan Andrés Cantero-Mellado, Álvaro Gómez-Ferrer, NataliaPicola Brau, María José Ledo, Carlos Hernandez, Carlos Llorente, Carmen González-Enguita, Álvaro Bisonó, Joan Benejam, and Jesús Gil Guijarro report no conflict of interest.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Regional Independent Reference Ethics Committee of Galicia, Spain (CEIC 2023/371).

: Informed consent was obtained from the enrolled patients whenever feasible (i.e., when the patient died or was lost to follow-up, it was not mandatory to obtain informed consent), according to the applicable Spanish regulations (Royal Decree 957/2020).

: Not applicable.