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Article History

Received: 24 October 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 17 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Margarita Majem reports grants from AstraZeneca and F. Hoffmann-La Roche, consulting fees from AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Helsinn Therapeutics, Janssen Oncology, Merck Sharp Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, and Takeda; and personal fees from AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Helsinn Therapeutics, Merck Sharp Dohme, and Pfizer; as well as support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck Sharp Dohme Oncology, and Pfizer. Patricia Alonso-Fernández reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca and support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca. Pilar Garrido reports personal fees for payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing, or educational events from Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Medscape, Takeda, TouchTime, Medscape. Support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca, Roche, and Janssen, and advisory roles (personal fees) with Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beigene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead, IO-Biontech, Johnson & Johnson, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, PharmaMar, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi, and Takeda. Ángel Gayete reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, and support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca. Florentino Hernando reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, and support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Johnson. José Luis López-Guerra reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, and support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca. María D. Lozano reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche, and Pfizer; support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca, Roche, and MSD; and leadership roles as President of SEAP and Chair, Membership Committee of IAC. Bartomeu Massuti reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, and support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca. Luis Paz-Ares reports grants from MSD, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Bristol Myers Squibb; consulting fees and/or personal fees from AstraZeneca, Lilly, MSD, Roche, PharmaMar, Merck, Novartis, Amgen, Pfizer, Sanofi, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Mirati, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Takeda, Daiichi Sankyo, Regeneron, Boehringer, Gilead; and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Janssen, Merck, and Mirati. Santiago Ramón y Cajal reports contracts to his institution from MSD, Pfizer, Sysmex, Palex, Roche, AstraZeneca, Lilly, and Amgen; consulting fees from AstraZeneca; payment or honoraria from Roche, Merck, AstraZeneca, Lilly, Janssen, Werfen, Amgen, MSD, Pfizer, Sysmex, and Palex; support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca, MSD, and Roche; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Menarini. He is co-founder of Pangaea Oncology and holds stock or stock options in Pangaea Oncology. Vanesa Rodríguez reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca and Roche. Luis M. Seijo reports grant from FIS and SEPAR, personal fees from AstraZeneca, Roche, Menarini, and GS, and support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca. He also declares participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Sabartech, Serum Inc., and Median Technologies. Antoni Sisó-Almirall reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, and support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca. David Vicente reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Takeda, Roche, MSD, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novartis, Amgen, Lilly, Gilead, Bayer; support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca; and participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Takeda, Roche, MSD, Merck, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novartis, Amgen, Lilly, Gilead, Bayer. Laureano Molins reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, and support for attending meetings and travel from AstraZeneca. This project was conducted within the framework of the Lung Ambition Alliance. All participants declared their potential conflicts of interest before the scoring exercise, and these declarations were reviewed by the coordinating team. The scoring process itself was carried out independently: no industry-affiliated staff participated in voting, influenced the content of discussions, or contributed to the development of recommendations. The final set of recommendations was agreed independently by the advisory committee, and the sponsor had no editorial control, no role in data interpretation, and no veto power over any stage of the process. These safeguards were implemented to minimise potential conflict of interest influence associated with the funding structure of the initiative.

: Ethical approval was not sought for the present study because no human participants, their data or biological material were involved.

: This study did not involve patients, patient data, or biological material. Therefore, informed consent was not required.