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Authors
McCarthy, Kylie E. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8445-7423
Bleakley, Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2512-4072
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Article History
Received: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 25 August 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: Both authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
: This study was exempt from an ethics approval, given that the data utilized in this study is freely and publicly available in the UCR-NIBRS database.
: Informed consent for this study was not required to be obtained, as the data analyzed included police incident reports with all identifiable information redacted.
