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Authors
Smith, Curtis D. IV https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5038-0844
Gillespie, Marie L.
Beardslee, Jordan
Frick, Paul J.
Steinberg, Laurence
Cauffman, Elizabeth
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The County of Orange (The County of Orange)
The Fudge Family Foundation (The Fudge Family Foundation)
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation)
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention)
William T. Grant Foundation (William T. Grant Foundation)
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Article History
Received: 9 April 2025
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 21 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of California Irvine. approval number 20107867, date of current approval: July 14, 2021.
: Parental consent and youths’ assent were obtained for all participants.
: We have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
