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Authors
Tikkhanarak, Kittiphoj
Handoo, Nidhi
Hellstein, John
Busch, Tamara
Petrin, Aline
Zeng, Erliang
Sun, Hongli
Dunnwald, Martine
Butali, Azeez
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Article History
Received: 20 December 2025
Accepted: 1 February 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
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: K.T., N.H., T.B., A.P., E.Z., H.S., M.D., and A.B. declare that they have no conflicts of interest. J.H. serves as a paid consultant for RiboX Therapeutics, Princeton, NJ (circular RNA research firm).
: This study was approved by the University of Iowa Institutional Review Board (IRB #202504626) and conducted in accordance with federal guidelines and the principles of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.
: For this type of study consent for publication is not required.
: This study has obtained IRB approval from the University of Iowa Institutional Review Board (IRB #202504626) and the need for informed consent was waived.
