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Article History

Accepted: 27 February 2025

First Online: 13 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

: This ethological research project, funded by Fondazione CRT (Turin) is completely non-invasive, in compliance with EU Regulation 2016/679 (Italian DL 101/2018), and it was approved by the Research and Quality Office, Educational Service Department of Turin (approval ref. n. 7364/044) and by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Torino (approval ref. n. 195246). The educators were always present in the classroom during data collection. For each infant and toddler, with the facilitation of educators, parents signed informed consents to carry out data collection and for audio–video recording and photos, and their use (as per EU Regulation 2016/679 (Italian DL 101/2018). The publication screenshots included in this article were authorized under such consents. Before the study started, educators and parents had been involved in separate and joint explanatory online meetings (due to COVID pandemics) with A&R sessions.

: In compliance with the national and European regulation (Italian Legislative Decree no. 196/2003; EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679), women were recruited after signing an informed consent through which they agreed to participate in the trials and granted permission i) to be video-recorded during the experiment and ii) to have the video used for the purposes of this study.

: The mothers of the newborns appearing in Fig.  have given their full written consent. No other sensitive material is published with the present study.