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Article History

Accepted: 5 December 2022

First Online: 22 December 2022

Declarations

: The authors would like to thank the Stratosphere Laboratory team for their reviews and suggestions and Avast Software for the partial funding of this research.

:  The research has been approved by the Simon Fraser University ethics department (study number 2020s0121) (former institution of the lead author) and University of Montreal (study number CERSC-2021-131-D) (new institution of the lead author) under minimal risks.   

: This research required asking for a <i>waiver of consent</i> in line with Article 5.5 A of the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS2). This is because we, as researcher, to do wish to focus on identifying the real person behind the pseudonym in the chat log. Doing so would put us in a position of associating a criminal activity to a real identity, putting us in an <i>investigating</i> or <i>policing</i> position that is not related to our research. Instead, to ensure participants’ confidentiality and privacy, we do not use the real pseudonyms. We also paraphrase their saying (rather than giving the exact quote as we usually see in qualitative research) to ensure that a quote example is not easily linked to an individual in the chat log through automatic text search.

: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.