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Authors
Le, Thuy Dung https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2846-1025
Döring, Nicola https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1299-4586
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Technische Universität Ilmenau
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 8 February 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: T.D.L. and N.D. have no conflict of interest to declare.
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Technische Universität Ilmenau (Germany) on 11 July 2024.
: This study does not involve human participants, only Reddit threads. To protect the privacy of Redditors, we do not disclose usernames or include verbatim quotes from Reddit threads. Details about our approach are provided in the “Research Ethics” section.
: T.D.L. drafted the initial manuscript in consultation with N.D., with all ideas originating from the authors and informed by prior research on non-consensual deepfake pornography and Reddit. In addition to English language corrections (prompt: “proofread”) and readability improvements (“improve readability”), ChatGPT-4 was used to rephrase Reddit quotes for privacy protection (“rephrase”). The manuscript was subsequently reviewed and revised by N.D. The final version was approved by both authors, with no further use of ChatGPT-4.
