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Article History

Received: 19 November 2024

Accepted: 25 August 2025

First Online: 6 October 2025

Declarations

: This work draws on material from the author’s doctoral dissertation, titled Community activism and social change of the urban poor in the Western Cape: Advocating for sustainable sanitation in Cape Town's informal settlements (available online). The dissertation has not been published in journal form, and the manuscript submitted represents a substantially revised, updated, and original article prepared specifically for Urban Forum Journal.

: This research was conducted in accordance with established ethical standards for social science research. Ethical approval was obtained from the University of the Western Cape Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to interviews. All names have been anonymised to protect participant confidentiality.

: The author declares no conflict of interest related to this article.