Kogan, Irena https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2841-1296
Kosyakova, Yuliya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-1755
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universität Mannheim
Nederlands Interdisciplinair Demografisch Instituut
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (519020285)
Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit
Article History
Accepted: 11 July 2025
First Online: 4 August 2025
Declarations
:
: Replication codes for data preparation and analyses are available at (DOI: ). Information about the underlying OneUA data can be found at . The data collection is approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Utrecht University (file number 22–0226).
: The authors declare no competing interests.