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Article History

Accepted: 21 April 2024

First Online: 6 May 2024

Declarations

: Consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. This research does not involve any sensitive data.

: This study adhered rigorously to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, governing the treatment of individuals, samples, and data collection at every research stage. A comprehensive research proposal, encompassing the study’s purpose, sample composition, data sources, and details of written informed consent for participants, was submitted to and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before commencing the study. Participants received a detailed explanation of the study, including its purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They were assured of the confidentiality of their data and informed that all collected information would be used solely for research purposes. Participation was voluntary, with the option to withdraw at any time without penalties. The researchers clarified the study’s purpose, addressed participant questions, and proceeded only after obtaining written consent.

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest that could potentially bias the interpretation of research findings or information presentation in this paper. This research was conducted impartially, free from external influences or financial interests that could compromise its integrity. Our primary commitment is to scientific rigor and knowledge dissemination.