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Authors
Yang, Pengcheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7555-4807
Jing, Linfang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Graduate Education Reform Project of Henan Province (2023SJGLX011Y)
Graduate Education and Teaching Reform Research and Practice Project of Henan University (YJSJG2023XJ001)
Postgraduate Education Innovation Program of Shanxi Province (2024KY042)
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Article History
Accepted: 12 May 2025
First Online: 16 June 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in this study adhere to the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. According to the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Beings () promulgated by China (Article 32: Research that does not cause harm to humans, and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests can be exempted from ethical review), the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the School of Economics and Management, Shanxi University, confirmed the exemption. Specifically, this study does not involve special categories such as minors, individuals with disabilities, prisoners, or other vulnerable populations, and the questions in the questionnaire have no adverse effects on the mental health status of the respondents. Furthermore, this study uses anonymized data to conduct studies, causes no harm to the human body, and involves neither sensitive personal information nor commercial interests. Therefore, this study was reviewed and granted exemption from ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of the School of Economics and Management, Shanxi University (no exemption number was issued).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
