Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 23 June 2025

First Online: 15 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study employed an anonymous and voluntary questionnaire survey, without involving human experiments, sensitive personal data, or personally identifiable information, and adhered to general ethical guidelines in social science research. We strictly followed the principle of informed consent, ensuring that all participants fully understood the study’s purpose and voluntarily participated. Additionally, all data were anonymized to protect participants’ privacy and confidentiality. Given the nature of this study, we followed common academic research practices and did not undergo formal ethical review, but we have implemented rigorous protective measures to ensure ethical compliance.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.