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Article History

Received: 28 August 2024

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: All data collected were publicly accessible at the time of collection, with no direct interaction with TikTok users or collection of personal identifying information beyond what is publicly available on the platform. The study adhered to ethical guidelines and standards for research involving human subjects as stipulated. Privacy and anonymity were maintained by anonymizing the data, securely storing it, and allowing only authorized personnel access. Data collection complied with TikTok’s terms of service and privacy policy, respecting user rights, including the right to request data removal from our dataset. The research team is committed to maintaining the highest ethical standards, ensuring the protection of TikTok users’ rights and privacy.

: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.