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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32271140)
Tianjin University Ideological and Political Education Work Research Base (Tianjin University Ideological and Political Education Work Research Base)
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Article History
Received: 28 October 2023
Accepted: 21 August 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Declarations
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: Informed consent was obtained from all participants, while parents’ permission was also obtained for those less than 18 years of age. The ethical approval for this study was also obtained from the ethics committee of Tianjin Normal University (No.2022031501).
: All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with this study.
