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Authors
Zhu, Jiajia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4617-8026
Hou, Zhijin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7681-4305
Zhang, Qingyao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6891-5982
Wang, Danni https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7289-7193
Zhang, Fang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (15ZDB139)
Guangdong Office of Philosophy and Social Science (GD22XXL01)
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Article History
Received: 17 May 2023
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 18 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study received permission from the Institutional Ethics Board of the Faculty of Psychology at Beijing Normal University. All procedures performed in the present studies were in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments, or comparable ethical standards.
: All participants in Study 1 provided informed consent before starting the online survey voluntarily. Participants in Study 2 provided written informed consent to participate.
: The authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
