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Authors
Liu, Chang
Ren, Menghao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5699-0635
Han, Xinyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3045-3997
Xia, Yu
Ding, Daoqun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5323-1070
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
2023 Ningxia Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project (23NXJB19)
2025 Public Security Department Police Studies Research Program (2025 Public Security Department Police Studies Research Program)
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Article History
Received: 4 February 2025
Accepted: 23 November 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: All the contents of this study have been approved by the Ethics Committee of Hunan Normal University.
: All participants provided informed consent prior to participating the survey and received compensation after completing in the study.
: On behalf of all authors, there are no conflicts of interest to declare.
