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Authors
Yamada, Sumie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9649-1136
Nishida, Yurika https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2098-6431
Nakagawa, Yoshiro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-9918
Nagataki, Shoji
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (18K10346)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20H04591)
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Article History
Received: 19 August 2025
Accepted: 19 November 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Board and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants after providing both verbal and written explanations. Participants signed a written consent form.
: A subset of the dataset, specifically the flow questionnaire scores and their group-level comparisons, has also been used in another manuscript that is currently under review. That manuscript addresses distinct theoretical questions and does not include any physiological measures.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
