Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (23FTYB003)
Shandong Province Key R&D Program Soft Science Project (2024RKY0701)
Article History
Received: 3 December 2024
Accepted: 20 October 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The CHARLS adhered to ethical standards that align with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval to interview respondents and collect data from the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052–11015). All the participants signed the informed consent at the time of participation.
: Not applicable. This study does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.
: The authors declare no competing interests.