Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (18ZDA331)
Article History
Received: 27 November 2024
Accepted: 12 October 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
: All participants in this research voluntarily participated in or withdrew from the research and signed informed consent online.
: The authors declare that the research adhere to the APA code as well as the ethics guidelines of China. The Ethics Committee of the Center for Studies of Social Psychology at Central China Normal University (CSSP2024033) has given permission to this research.
: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.