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Authors
Chen, Chia-Feng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2154-0212
Schofield, Thomas J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-4948
Russell, Daniel W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-861X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Academia Sinica
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Article History
Received: 26 May 2024
Accepted: 4 October 2025
First Online: 26 January 2026
Declarations
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: The current study was considered exempt by the Iowa State University Institutional Review Board because it is a secondary analysis of an existing data set.
: Details about the Research on Pathways to Desistance data collection procedures and instruments are publicly available at .
: We have no competing interests to declare.
