Document is current

Article History

Received: 29 January 2025

Accepted: 4 October 2025

First Online: 26 December 2025

Declarations

: Robert J. Vallerand has received research grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (no. 435-2015-1237), the Fonds de Recherche Québécois - Société et Cultures (no. 2021-SE3-283171), and the Canada Research Chairs program (no. 950-230793). The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. It has received the ethic approval from the Comité institutionnel d’éthique de la recherche avec des êtres humains of the Université du Québec à Montréal (no. 2020–2601). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Data supporting the findings of this research are available from the corresponding author upon request. All authors contributed to the study conceptualization and methodology, project administration, and writing (review and editing). Data curation, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, and writing (original draft) were performed by Virginie Paquette. Resources, supervision, and funding acquisition were performed by Robert J. Vallerand. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Virginie Paquette (ORCID 0000-0001-8416-7606), Department of Human Resources Management, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Bd des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada, G8Z 4M3. E-mail: virg.paquette@hotmail.com.

: Ethical approval was obtained from the research ethics board of the second author’s institution (details will be provided following the evaluation process).

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest and confirm that the study complies with ethical standards.