Document is current

Article History

Received: 12 February 2025

Accepted: 28 September 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. It is an original manuscript. This study has been approved by Research Ethics Committee of National Taiwan Normal University and has been certificate on May 2023 (Registration No. of the study: 202305ES055). The committee is organized and operates in accordance with rights and welfare of human subjects of research ethical principles, and abide by regulations of National Taiwan Normal University and governmental laws and regulations.

: This study used anonymous questionnaires for data collection. We fully respect participant’s intention to participate in the study. Participation of this study is voluntary and all information will be treated as confidential. If participants have doubts or concerns on any questions when filling in the questionnaire, they are free to quit and would not bear any personal loss resulted from terminating the participation. All participants in this study will be ensured with privacy and confidentiality of the data. No one would have access to the data other than the project investigators and research ethics committee. All data will be collectively analyzed, and no personal information will be identified.

: The authors declared that they have no conflicts of interest to this study. We declare that we do not have any commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the work submitted.