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Article History

Received: 19 April 2025

Accepted: 28 September 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in this study adhere to the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments, or comparable ethical standards. According to the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Beings ( ) promulgated by China (Article 32: Research that does not cause harm to humans, and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests can be exempted from ethical review), this study did not involve special populations such as minors, persons with disabilities, prisoners, or other vulnerable groups. The survey questions posed no risk to participants’ mental health. Furthermore, the study uses anonymized data, causes no physical harm, and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests. Therefore, the Institutional Review Board of the School of Business, Nanjing University, granted an exemption from ethical approval for this study (no exemption number was issued).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.