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Authors
Cao, Hua
Li, Ling
Cao, Juanning
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gansu Provincial Department of Education: Innovation Fund Project (2022B-083)
Gansu Office of Philosophy and Social Science (2021QN013)
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Article History
Received: 2 June 2024
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee (School of Psychology Research Ethics Committee, Northwest Normal University) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
