Gu, Chenyu
Zhang, Jiayue https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3468-9664
Funding for this research was provided by:
2024 Major Project Fund of the Fujian Social Science Research Base's Fujian Digital Media Economy Research Center (FJ2024JDZ083)
Minjiang University Research Star-up Fund (32404314)
Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Declarations
:
: Informed consent for this study was obtained in writing through the Credamo platform prior to data collection. Participants were required to review the details of the study and provide their agreement to participate by selecting the consent option provided within the online questionnaire. Participants in this research have been fully informed of the nature and purpose of the study. All data collected will be used solely for academic purposes, and participants' anonymity is fully assured. Their responses will remain confidential, with no personally identifiable information being collected or stored. There are no anticipated risks associated with their participation, and they were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.
: The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the School of Journalism and Communication, Minjiang University, Committee on Ethical Research. (Ref: MJUCER20250315).
: The author(s) declare no competing interests.