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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Henan Office of Philosophy and Social Science (2022BSH017)
Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project (2025-1534)
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Article History
Received: 25 December 2023
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The studies involving humans were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. Written informed consent for participation in this study was provided by the participants’ legal guardians.
: Before formally entering the survey, we obtained informed consent from the students, class teachers, and parents.
: The authors confirm that all adolescents and their parents or legal guardians have provided informed consent for the anonymized data obtained in this study to be published. All identifying details of the participants have been removed to ensure confidentiality.
: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
