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Authors
Güngör, Fatih https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0800-4212
Altunbaşak, İlker https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-7362
Aydın, Ahmet Taylan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9681-0791
Kaya, Metin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8287-4929
Erdem, Cahit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-8122
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Afyon Kocatepe University
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Article History
Received: 9 January 2025
Accepted: 9 December 2025
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: This second-order meta-analysis is based on publicly available data from previously published meta-analyses. As such, no new data were collected directly from participants, and no ethical approval was required. The study adheres to ethical standards for research, including accurate reporting, transparency, and proper attribution of all sources.
: All authors affirm that they have read and approved the final manuscript and confirm their consent to publish. The authors guarantee that the manuscript does not contain any images, videos, or personal data from specific individuals that would require individual written consent for publication.
: This study constitutes a second-order meta-analysis based entirely on the synthesis of previously published, aggregated research data (secondary sources). The research did not involve human participants, interventions, or the collection of new primary data. Therefore, the requirement for individual participant informed consent is not applicable for this study.
: There is no conflict interest in this study.
