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Authors
Wang, Dianxi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8412-2413
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (24ARK002)
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Article History
Received: 7 February 2025
Accepted: 13 December 2025
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: All participants in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) provided written informed consent prior to data collection, which explicitly included authorization for the publication of research findings derived from their anonymized data.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University. The IRB approval number for the main household survey is IRB00001052-11015.
: The views expressed in the submitted article are the author’s own and not an official position of the institution or the funders.
