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Article History

Received: 1 August 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 19 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Mathematical Sciences, Beijing Normal University (Approval No. BNUMS20240304). All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional ethical standards and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The first page of the questionnaire explained the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty.

: The participants and their parents/legal guardians provided consent for anonymized data to be used for research purposes and for publication.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.