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Authors
Sun, Zhaoxu
Zhao, Lingdi
Gerber, Eric
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71974176)
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More Information
Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 26 December 2025
First Online: 28 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: The data used in this study were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which is a publicly available dataset. The CHARLS database has obtained written informed consent from all original participants during data collection, including consent for secondary use of anonymized data for academic research and publication. All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study and consent to the publication of anonymized results.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
