Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (23VRC014)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071085)
Article History
Received: 28 August 2024
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 31 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University (Project number: 20191222000085).
: For participants under 18 years, consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians; for those aged 18 or above, consent was obtained directly from the participants.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.