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Authors
de la Rosa Fernández-Pacheco, Pedro Antonio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0912-7396
Wilkinson, Renae https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5104-5511
Cowden, Richard G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9027-4253
Chen, Ying https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4780-4642
Case, Brendan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4277-8075
Suzuki, Etsuji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1290-5793
VanderWeele, Tyler J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6112-0239
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universidad de Navarra
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Article History
Received: 4 March 2025
Accepted: 18 January 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Declarations
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: Add Health has been approved by several ethical committees, including the University of North Carolina IRB. Research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: Written informed consent was obtained for all Add Health participants in accordance with the University of North Carolina School of Public Health Institutional Review Board guidelines that are based on the Code of Federal Regulations on the Protection of Human Subjects 45CFR46.
: Not applicable.
: This research uses data from Add Health, funded by grant P01 HD31921 (Harris) from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), with cooperative funding from 23 other federal agencies and foundations. Add Health is currently directed by Robert A. Hummer and funded by the National Institute on Aging cooperative agreements U01 AG071448 (Hummer) and U01AG071450 (Aiello and Hummer) at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Add Health was designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
