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Authors
Yu, Yun
Cheng, Qiuwang
Li, Tao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72273106)
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 8 February 2026
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The CFPS survey protocol was reviewed and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB approval no. IRB00001052-14010). Informed consent was obtained from all participants during the original data collection process. All data used in this analysis were fully anonymized prior to access.
: Not Applicable. This study is based on secondary data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Informed consent for the use and publication of anonymized data was obtained from all participants during the original data collection process. All data were anonymized by the data provider prior to access, and the use of this dataset complies with the CFPS ethical guidelines.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The authors have seen and agree with the contents of the manuscript and there is no financial interest to report.
