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Article History

Received: 12 March 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All participants and their parents or legal guardians provided fully informed consent for the publication of anonymized data derived from this study. Prior to participation, the research team explained in detail the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and data confidentiality measures to the parents/guardians, who subsequently provided written informed consent. The student participants also provided verbal assent on the day of data collection. All data were anonymized prior to entry and analysis, and no personally identifiable information will be disclosed at any stage of the research or publication.

: The ethical approval for conducting this study was obtained from the [Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior of Henan Province] (Approval No.20241010005), and all procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.